war powers

Episode 40 – Harold Hongju Koh on the National Security Constitution for the 21st Century, International Law, and the Trump Administration

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In this episode I speak with Harold Hongju Koh of Yale Law School, former legal counsel to the Department of State among several other positions in government, as well as former Dean of Yale Law School. We discuss his new book, The National Security Constitution for the 21st Century, which builds on his famous earlier book that will be familiar to most listeners. The new book similarly examines the structural and systemic reasons for the dangerously increased strength of the executive branch of government in the U.S., but analyzes how the process has simply accelerated in the post Cold-War and post 9/11 eras, and it explores the implications for American use of force, foreign relations, and international law. We discuss not only the evolution and implications of these systemic failures, but also his recommendations for reform, and the role of lawyers and legal scholars in responding to the problem.  We even revisit his own role in government in the context of these issues, and discuss whether he has a different perspective on any of the positions he once took. Finally, we discuss how a second Trump administration makes the prospect for reform more difficult, and the outlook for international law more fraught – but ultimately we end on an optimistic and even inspiring note, as Harold explains how and why lawyers and legal scholars must answer the call to defend the rule of law.

Materials:

– The National Security Constitution for the 21st Century (2024).

– The Trump Administration and International Law (2019).

– Just Security: Symposium on Harold Hongju Koh’s ‘The National Security Constitution for the 21st Century,‘ Oct. 25, 2024.

Reading Recommendations:

– Timothy Snyder, On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century (2016).

– David Sanger, New Cold Wars: China’s Rise, Russia’s Invasion, and America’s Struggle to Defend the West, (2024).

– Nicolas Kristof, Chasing Hope: A Reporter’s Life (2024).

– Richard Kruger, Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America’s Struggle for Equality (2004).

Episode 20 – Rebecca Ingber on Legally Sliding into War

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In this episode I speak with Rebecca Ingber, Professor of Law at Yeshiva University’s Cardozo School of Law, and formerly a lawyer in the Office of Legal Advisor in the U.S. Department of State. We discuss a recent essay in which Rebecca examines how international and domestic law operate together to facilitate the incremental moves by which the U.S. initiates, expands, and extends armed conflicts. The process involves legal justifications and rationales for each step towards war, with legal interpretations that, while made in good faith, are often strained and even beyond the pale. What is more, Congress and the courts tend to look to the international law principles as limitations on executive branch conduct, but then there is little check on how the executive branch lawyers interpret and expands such principles — and all of this focus on legal justification displaces a necessary and deeper policy analysis of the reasons for engaging in armed conflict. In exploring these issues, we also talk about whether legal scholars are fulfilling their role of keeping the government honest in its interpretation of international law, where exactly within the government such decisions get made, and why and how different areas of law get conflated and confused in the justifications for war!

Materials:

– “Legally Sliding Into War,” Just Security, Mar. 15, 2021.

– “International Law as Executive Power,” 57 Harvard Int’l Law J. (2016).

Recommended Reading:

– David Luban, “Complicity and Lesser Evils: A Tale of Two Lawyers,” Georgetown J. Legal Ethics, (forthcoming, 2021).

– Monica Hakimi, “The Jus ad Bellum‘s Regulatory Form,” 112 American J. Int’l L. 151 (2018) [See Episode 6!].

– E. M. Forester, The Machine Stops (1909).

Episode 9 – Oona Hathaway on War Powers and the Scope of National Security

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In this episode, I speak with Oona Hathaway, Professor of Law at Yale Law School and Professor of International Law and Area Studies at the Yale University MacMillan Center. We discuss the constitutional and legislative constraints on the executive war-making power, both in terms of the theoretical rationale for such constraints, and in terms of the constitutional and legislative form such constraints take in U.S. legal system. After discussing how and why such constraints in the U.S. have eroded over time, reaching a nadir in the Libyan intervention, Oona explains how the War Powers Resolution could be revised, in ways more consistent with international law, and how Congress could employ the courts, in order to re-establish Congressional authority over decisions to engage in armed conflict. We also discuss how such crises as the Coronavirus pandemic and climate change should cause us to re-think the scope and character of national security priorities and policy. We wrap up with a short discussion of the collaborative process involved in the writing of her co-authored work The Internationalists, and the ethical obligations in being a government lawyer. A fantastic foray into war powers and evolving perspectives on national security!

Materials:

– “How to Revive Congress’s War Powers,” Texas National Security Review (2019).

– “How to Recover a Role for Congress and the Courts in Decisions to Wage War,” Just Security, Jan. 10, 2020)(with Geoffrey Block).

– “COVID-19 Shows How the U.S. Got National Security Wrong,” Just Security, Apr. 7, 2020.

Reading Recommendations:

– Kate Manne, Entitled: How Male Privilege Hurts Women (2020).

– Samuel Moyn, Humane: How Americans Abandoned Peace and Reinvented War, [working title – forthcoming, see this YouTube session for Sam’s discussion of the book!]

– Hilary Mantel, Wolf Hall Trilogy (2009)